Astronaut Gordon Cooper Admits and talks about UFOs

Gordon Cooper and UFOs
CNN on Astronaut Gordon Cooper's UFO Experience

Dear friends,

Astronaut Gordon Cooper was one of the brave men who dared to expose the government cover-up of UFOs. The below article on his life and death in CNN is amazing in that it mentions his passion for lifting the secrecy on UFOs. In the final paragraph, he states, "For many years I have lived with a secret, in a secrecy imposed on all specialists and astronauts. I can now reveal that every day, in the USA, our radar instruments capture objects of form and composition unknown to us."

USA Today's article on Gordon Cooper included this in the final paragraph, "Cooper also authored the 2000 bookLeap of Faith, in which he discussed NASA's early days, his experiences on the Mercury and Gemini missions and his belief in extraterrestrial intelligence. Cooper in the book said that as an Air Force pilot in 1951 that he chased UFOs while based in Germany."

The Los Angeles Times and Chicago Tribune included this quote, "In the book, Cooper also embarrassed some of his old NASA colleagues with tales of UFO encounters and conspiracy theories. Claiming that film that he shot from Gemini 5 had been confiscated, he quoted President Johnson telling him, 'Son, I ordered it classified.'"

I highly encourage you to read our summary of the UFO cover-up at www.WantToKnow.info/ufocover-up which includes the testimony of astronaut Cooper, the former chief of the British Royal Navy, a former director of the CIA, two generals, and other highly respected government and military officials. These testimonies were videotaped and can be ordered through www.disclosureproject.org

The fact that CNN, USA Today, Los Angeles Times, and others reported this information is a significant shift from the past lack of reporting on UFOs. It is time for us to prepare the people of this planet to become a part of the galactic community. They are waiting for us to stop trying to kill each other before they invite us to join the community. For lots more, see our highly reliable UFO Information Center. Take care and have a great day!

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Space pioneer Gordon Cooper dies
Cooper believed in UFO coverup

(CNN) -- Leroy Gordon Cooper, one of the nation's first astronauts who once set a space endurance record by traveling more than 3.3 million miles aboard Gemini 5 in 1965, died on Monday, NASA said. He was 77.

Cooper died at his home in Ventura, California.

"As one of the original seven Mercury astronauts, Gordon Cooper was one of the faces of America's fledgling space program. He truly portrayed the right stuff, and he helped gain the backing and enthusiasm of the American public, so critical for the spirit of exploration," NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said on the space agency's Web site.

Cooper, an Oklahoma native who entered the Marine Corps after graduating from high school in 1945, later became an elite Air Force test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base in California, where he became fascinated with the space program.

By April 1959, Cooper was named as one of the Project Mercury astronauts, following grueling physical and mental tests each candidate had to endure.

At the news conference naming the future of America's space program, Cooper was joined by Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, John Glenn, M. Scott Carpenter, Walter Schirra Jr. and Deke Slayton.

On May 15 and 16, 1963, Cooper piloted the Faith 7 spacecraft on a 22-orbit mission that concluded the operational phase of Project Mercury.

A little more than two years later, he would set a new space endurance record, serving as command pilot of the eight-day, 120-revolution Gemini 5 mission, which began August 21, 1965.

It was on this flight that he and Charles Conrad traveled a distance of 3,312,993 miles in 190 hours and 56 minutes. Cooper also became the first man to make a second orbital flight.

During his two space flights, Cooper logged 225 hours, 15 minutes and 3 seconds. He served as backup command pilot for Gemini 12 and as backup commander for Apollo X.

In an interview with CNN in 2000, Cooper said in-house politics kept him off the moon flights.

"I would have liked to have gone to the moon. I would have liked to have been one of the crew that landed on the moon but it just didn't work out that way. And I don't, I certainly don't harbor any bitterness or anger."

In addition to his space flights, Cooper logged more than 7,000 hours flying time in jets and commercial aircraft. He retired from the Air Force and NASA in 1970 with the rank of colonel.

After leaving NASA, Cooper served on the boards of directors as a technical consultant to a number of companies in the aerospace, electronics and energy fields. He also was the vice president for research and development for Walter E. Disney Enterprises Inc., from 1974-1980.

In his post-NASA career, Cooper became known as an outspoken believer in UFOs and charged that the government was covering up its knowledge of extraterrestrial activity.

"I believe that these extraterrestrial vehicles and their crews are visiting this planet from other planets, which obviously are a little more technically advanced than we are here on Earth," he told a United Nations panel in 1985.

"I feel that we need to have a top-level, coordinated program to scientifically collect and analyze data from all over the Earth concerning any type of encounter, and to determine how best to interface with these visitors in a friendly fashion."

He added, "For many years I have lived with a secret, in a secrecy imposed on all specialists and astronauts. I can now reveal that every day, in the USA, our radar instruments capture objects of form and composition unknown to us.

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Does God Exist?? Michio Kaku Responds!

Dr. Michio Kaku dishes on spirituality, Einstein, and God in this latest installment of Dr. Kiki's interview with him. Distributed by Tubemogul.

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Barack Obama Asked About ALIENS AND UFOs | BREAKING NEWS

Grant Cameron will appear on radio station KKNW 1150 Seattle on Monday March 26^th from 9:00 – 10:00 AM Eastern to discuss UFOs. Part of the discussion will center on the recent mention of the Roswell UFO crash by President Barack Obama in a recent trip to New Mexico. The statement made by Obama is more significant than many researchers might think.

During a March 21st trip to Roswell, New Mexico President Obama came out with the following opening remarks to his speech.

We had landed in Roswell. I announced to people when I landed that I had come in peace. (Laughter) Let me tell you – there are more nine and ten year old boys around the country when I meet them – they ask me, “Have you been to Roswell and is it true what they say? And I tell them, ‘If I told you I would have to kill you.’ So their eyes get all big…so…we’re going to keep our secrets here.

Did Obama let out the secret that an alien presence is being covered up? If so, t-his would be a complete reversal of an official statement  "Searching for ET- But No Evidence Yet" put out by the office of his science director last November that there is “no evidence” for ET visitation? What does it mean when the President goes to New Mexico and says “we are going to keep our secrets here?” Did he say too much about what has been rumored to be the most highly classified secret in the United States government? Did he fumble the ball in the biggest and most important game the United States Givernment has ever played?

Is it true what they say?

According to President Obama he often gets a particular question about the 1947 UFO crash in Roswell, New Mexico - “is it true what they say?”The little boys who usually ask the question want the President is to tell them the truth about whether aliens have crashed on earth. They think the President knows, so they ask the President if he can tell them the truth.

On March 21 President Obama gave the boys an answer while on a trip to the place where the aliens were rumored to have crashed 65 years ago. He gave the answer within a joke. Like many in America they are suspicious of the Roswell story put out by the Air Force and others.

Although the Obama Roswell comment might seem like no more than a small joke to open a speech on rising gas prices in the United States the following key points should be considered. When these points are all taken into consideration what Obama said takes on a much more significant meaning. A real close look at what Obama said actually shows that the President might have gone too far with the joke, and he may actually have confirmed that the United States government that he heads is covering up an ET presence.

Here’s exactly what President Obama said to the New Mexico audience who had gathered to hear him speak.,

We had landed in Roswell. I announced to people when I landed that I had come in peace. (Laughter) Let me tell you – there are more nine and ten year old boys around the country when I meet them – they ask me, “Have you been to Roswell and is it true what they say? And I tell them, ‘If I told you I would have to kill you.’ So their eyes get all big…so…we’re going to keep our secrets here.

Here’s a careful analysis of what it might mean, and the context in which it was said.

• Roswell is a key place in election years. Although New Mexico only has 5 electoral votes it is considered a swing state and most campaigns visit it near the end of a presidential election. Moreover, everyone (except Palin and Cheney) seems to have a joke in their speech about UFOs for the Roswell crowds. This started as early as 1982 when Ronald Reagan visited the old Roswell Air Field campaigning for Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt late in the midterm campaign.

Cheney visited in the dying days of the 2000 election to be greeted by signs ‘Space Aliens Love Cheney.’" In the dying days of the 2002 midterm election Cheney showed up again in Roswell and this time made a speech in Hanger 32 just yards away from the infamous Hanger 84 at Roswell Air Field where the alien bodies were rumored to have been kept.

Just two days before the 2004 election, and the day before he made a campaign trip to Roswell for John Kerry, 4-star General Clark replied to a question of whether or not he had been briefed on the UFO subject stated, “I heard a bit. In fact, I'm going to be in Roswell, New Mexico tonight. There arethings going on. But we will have to work out our own mathematics.”

Lastly, the night before the 2008 election Republican candidate John McCain appeared for a campaign stop in Roswell, and declared that he had received the alien invasion endorsement from P’Lod, an alien that appeared every four years in the Weekly World News to predict the winner of the presidential race.

It was in light of this New Mexico political history that Obama showed up in New Mexico to talk about oil, and crack his version of the Roswell UFO joke.

• The opening “I come in peace” was a preplanned part of the reading copy repaired for Obama. Its appearance in the speech is important because it took some research on someone’s part to know they would set up a joke by paraphrasing the 1951 UFO movie, The Day the Earth Stood Still, in which the enlightened alien, Klaatu, tells the people of Earth: “We have come to visit you in peace and with good will.” Even I did not realize the significance of the line until Robbie Graham, the UFO movie expert from the U.K., pointed it out in an article. This would have been the work of the speech writing team but it would have to be approved by Obama and many other White House staffers.

• The Roswell Joke was also written into the speech. This is important to consider because it shows that on some level, no matter how circumstantial the discussion, the Roswell UFO crash was discussed by the President and his staff. This would mean one of two things. The President got a briefing on the subject of Roswell and there is secrecy and there is constitutionally backed presidential control over the Roswell evidence. If there was no briefing the mention of the Roswell crash in the speech at least means that the White House is aware that the Roswell UFO subject is one that requires a carefully orchestrated reply to deal with all the 9 and 10 year old kids who will pop the question from time to time.

It also goes again some recent discussion inside the UFO community that the government doesn’t care about the issue, or that they are much too busy cleaning up George Bush’s mess to give UFOs any thought.

It appears that when young boys ask “is what they say is true” (ie. Was the Roswell crash an extraterrestrial event?) the Obama administration policy appears to be to deal with the public disbelief in the official government Roswell explanation by using humor.

This ‘laugh it off” approach is backed up by the fact that this is the third time Obama has used humor to deal with UFO type issues and the second time that he has used the exact line, “If I told you, I would have to kill you.”[1] It is also an approach that has allowed the media an easy out to not cover the UFO story seriously.

• One of the most important things about Obama’s Roswell joke is the fact that he even brought it up. It was not necessary. He could have used a less threatening joke such as the one that George Bush used during his Roswell visit when he said, "I understand you have reports this morning of an unfamiliar aircraft. Don't worry -- it was just me."

• The most important thing about the Roswell part of Obama’s speech is the final line – “we’re going to keep our secrets here”. If you listen very carefully to the line you will find compelling evidence that 1) It was not part of the speech. Obama ad libbed it. 2) It is not part of the joke. Obama is dead serious.

If this is true President Obama may have actually slipped in confirming some sort of Top Secret Special Access research or technology program on UFOs. Such high level programs are so secret that they must be denied. Even an acknowledgement of its Top Secret existence (as it appears Obama did) jeopardizes the program security.

In a speech to the CIA following the killing of Bin Laden President Obama stated that the government kept what they knew secret and that “this is a good thing.” There was a huge applause. This time like Jimmy Carter before him who leaked the fact that America was working on Stealth, Obama stating “we are going to keep our secrets” about the Roswell UFO crash may be bring huge gasps from the people in charge of the secrecy rather than applause.

Fortunately for the President, however, the media will sleep through this leak as they have in the past. The situation is best described by Debra Orin, the former New York Post Washington Bureau Chief who broke the story that Bill Clinton had asked his former Attorney General Webster Hubbell to investigate UFOs.

When Orin stood up to ask President Clinton’s press secretary if the story of being sent on a UFO cover-up search by the President was true, as Hubbell had spelled it out in his book “Friends in High Places” the White House Press Secretary Mike McCurry walked around the question.

Orin came back with a follow-up question – "Did he ask Hubbell to find out about those two issues?"

Again the McCurry walked around the question saying, "I have no idea and I'm not going to respond to specific things in books that are written."

Years later Orin was interviewed. She recalled what happened next.  She explained that she waited for another reporter to follow up with another question and “they all rolled over and played dead.” The White House correspondents, according to author Howard Kurtz, did not defend Orin as they would then "risk losing whatever little access they had."

That was it for the Hubbell story and this Obama Roswell story will probably face the same grim death, like a starving child in a third world country waiting for someone in the west to save them.

Someday this will change, but not today, and probably not tomorrow.

Written by Grant Cameron

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UFOs Sighting | More Disclosure on TV | Breaking News | 2013

You Decide

- S C I E N T I S T X -

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Ex-Air Force Officers Say Pentagon is Covering up Details About UFOs

Monday, former Air Force officers held a UFO press conference and stated that they witnessed UFOs during their time in the Air Force, and that the Pentagon is covering up details about the UFOs. The government has made an official statement that unidentified flying objects (UFOs) do not pose a threat, but some cannot be explained. The UFO press conference has created an internet buzz Tuesday.

Seven former Air Force officers who were all stationed at various nuclear bases around the country between 1947 and 1969 said that they have seen UFOs and in some cases were asked by the military to go after them.

"I want the government to acknowledge that this phenomenon exists," said Robert Salas, a former U.S. Air Force Nuclear Launch Officer. "I want the Air Force, the government to come forward and say this is a real phenomenon."

Salas said that they are not sure that UFOs do not pose a national security threat, and wants the government to retract that statement.

"He calls back about five minutes later and this time he's screaming into the phone. He's very frightened, I can tell by his voice," Salas said. "And he said, 'Sir, I've got all the guards out here, they've got their weapons drawn, we're all looking at an orange or reddish pulsating oval-shaped object. It's about 30 feet in diameter and just hovering above the front gate. "

Salas told the guards to keep it outside the gate and then informed another officer who was with him underground. They were monitoring the launch of 10 nuclear missiles.

"The missiles started going into 'no go' or unlaunchable condition. They were essentially disabled while this object was overhead," he said.

The UFO eventually left, and Salas said it took almost a day to get the missiles running again.

"Nobody was injured and I don't consider it an attack but it certainly it was a national security incident and something the Air Force said has never happen in their official policy documents," he said.

The Air Force has an official position about UFOs posted on its website, which states that they investigated the UFOs from 1947 - 1969, and found no evidence that they were extraterrestrial vehicles.

"No UFO reported, investigated and evaluated by the Air Force was ever an indication of threat to our national security," the statement reads. "There was no evidence submitted to or discovered by the Air Force that sightings categorized as "unidentified" represented technological developments or principles beyond the range of modern scientific knowledge."

Reported by : SCIENTIST X

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Life on Mars | Scientist Explains | Disclosure is near 2013

Life on Mars | Scientist Explains | Disclosure is near 2013

For centuries people have speculated about the possibility of life on Mars owing to the planet's proximity and similarity to Earth. Serious searches for evidence of life began in the 19th century, and continue via telescopic investigations and landed missions. While early work focused on phenomenology and bordered on fantasy, modern scientific inquiry has emphasized the search for water, chemical biosignatures of life in the soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and the search for biomarker gases in the atmosphere.

Mars is of particular interest for the study of the origins of life, because of its similarity to the early Earth. This is especially so as Mars has a cold climate and lacks plate tectonics or continental drift, and has remained pretty much unchanged since the end of the Hesperian period. At least two thirds of Mars' surface is more than 3.5 billion years old, and Mars may thus hold the best record of the prebiotic conditions leading to abiogenesis, even if life does not or has never existed there.

Fictional Martians have been a recurring feature of popular entertainment of the 20th and 21st centuries, and it remains an open question whether life currently exists on Mars, or has existed there in the past.

Historical map of Mars from Giovanni Schiaparelli.		Mars canals illustrated by astronomerPercival Lowell, 1898.

Mars' polar ice caps were observed as early as the mid-17th century, and they were first proven to grow and shrink alternately, in the summer and winter of each hemisphere, by William Herschel in the latter part of the 18th century. By the mid-19th century, astronomers knew that Mars had certain other similarities to Earth, for example that the length of a day on Mars was almost the same as a day on Earth. They also knew that its axial tilt was similar to Earth's, which meant it experienced seasons just as Earth does — but of nearly double the length owing to its much longer year. These observations led to the increase in speculation that the darker albedo features were water, and brighter ones were land. It was therefore natural to suppose that Mars may be inhabited by some form of life.

In 1854, William Whewell, a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, who popularized the word scientist, theorized that Mars had seas, land and possibly life forms. Speculation about life on Mars exploded in the late 19th century, following telescopic observation by some observers of apparent Martian canals — which were later found to be optical illusions. Despite this, in 1895, American astronomer Percival Lowell published his book Mars, followed by Mars and its Canals in 1906, proposing that the canals were the work of a long-gone civilization. This idea led British writer H. G. Wells to write The War of the Worlds in 1897, telling of an invasion by aliens from Mars who were fleeing the planet’s desiccation.

Spectroscopic analysis of Mars' atmosphere began in earnest in 1894, when U.S. astronomer William Wallace Campbell showed that neither water nor oxygen were present in the Martian atmosphere. By 1909 better telescopes and the best perihelic opposition of Mars since 1877 conclusively put an end to the canal theory.

Missions

Mariner 4 probe performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface in 1965. The photographs showed an arid Mars without rivers, oceans, or any signs of life. Further, it revealed that the surface (at least the parts that it photographed) was covered in craters, indicating a lack of plate tectonics and weathering of any kind for the last 4 billion years. The probe also found that Mars has no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic rays. The probe was able to calculate the atmospheric pressure on the planet to be about 0.6 kPa (compared to Earth's 101.3 kPa), meaning that liquid water could not exist on the planet's surface. After Mariner 4, the search for life on Mars changed to a search for bacteria-like living organisms rather than for multicellular organisms, as the environment was clearly too harsh for these.

Mariner Crater, as seen by Mariner 4 in 1965. Pictures like this suggested that Mars is too dry for any kind of life.		Streamlined Islands seen by Viking orbiter showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is located inLunae Palus quadrangle.

Viking orbiters

Liquid water is necessary for known life and metabolism, so if water was present on Mars, the chances of it having supported life may have been determinant. The Viking orbiters found evidence of possible river valleys in many areas, erosion and, in the southern hemisphere, branched streams.

Viking experiments

The primary mission of the Viking probes of the mid-1970s was to carry out experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil because the favorable conditions for the evolution of multicellular organisms ceased some four billion years ago on Mars. The tests were formulated to look for microbial life similar to that found on Earth. Of the four experiments, only the Labeled Release (LR) experiment returned a positive result, showing increased ¹⁴CO₂ production on first exposure of soil to water and nutrients. All scientists agree on two points from the Viking missions: that radiolabeled ¹⁴CO₂ was evolved in the Labeled Release experiment, and that the GC-MS detected no organic molecules. However, there are vastly different interpretations of what those results imply.

One of the designers of the Labeled Release experiment, Gilbert Levin, believes his results are a definitive diagnostic for life on Mars. However, this result is disputed by many scientists, who argue that superoxidant chemicals in the soil could have produced this effect without life being present. An almost general consensus discarded the Labeled Release data as evidence of life, because the gas chromatograph & mass spectrometer, designed to identify natural organic matter, did not detect organic molecules. The results of the Viking mission concerning life are considered by the general expert community, at best, as inconclusive.

In 2007, during a Seminar of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution (Washington, D.C., USA), Gilbert Levin's investigation was assessed once more. Levin still maintains that his original data were correct, as the positive and negative control experiments were in order. Moreover, Levin's team, on 12 April 2012, reported a statistical speculation, based on old data —reinterpreted mathematically through complexity analysis— of the Labeled Release experiments, that may suggest evidence of "extant microbial life on Mars." Critics counter that the method has not yet been proven effective for differentiating between biological and non-biological processes on Earth so it is premature to draw any conclusions.

Ronald Paepe, an edaphologist (soil scientist), communicated to the European Geosciences Union Congress that the discovery of the recent detection of silicate minerals on Mars may indicate pedogenesis, or soil development processes, extended over the entire surface of Mars. Paepe's interpretation views most of Mars surface as active soil, colored red by eons of widespread wearing by water, vegetation and microbial activity.

A research team from the National Autonomous University of Mexico headed by Rafael Navarro-González, concluded that the equipment (TV-GC-MS) used by the Viking program to search for organic molecules, may not be sensitive enough to detect low levels of organics. Because of the simplicity of sample handling, TV–GC–MS is still considered the standard method for organic detection on future Mars missions, so Navarro-González suggests that the design of future organic instruments for Mars should include other methods of detection.

Carl Sagan poses next to a replica of the Viking landers.

Phoenix lander, 2008

The Phoenix mission landed a robotic spacecraft in the polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008 and it operated until November 10, 2008. One of the mission's two primary objectives was to search for a "habitable zone" in the Martian regolith where microbial life could exist, the other main goal being to study the geological history of water on Mars. The lander has a 2.5 meter robotic arm that was capable of digging shallow trenches in the regolith. There was an electrochemistry experiment which analysed the ions in the regolith and the amount and type of antioxidants on Mars. The Viking program data indicate that oxidants on Mars may vary with latitude, noting that Viking 2 saw fewer oxidants than Viking 1 in its more northerly position. Phoenix landed further north still. Phoenix's preliminary data revealed that Mars soil contains perchlorate, and thus may not be as life-friendly as thought earlier. The pH and salinity level were viewed as benign from the standpoint of biology. The analysers also indicated the presence of bound water and CO₂.

An artist's concept of the Phoenix spacecraft

Reported by: SCIENTIST X

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Neil deGrasse Tyson | UFO Sightings | He's Telling the Truth?

Neil deGrasse Tyson | UFO Sightings | He's Telling the Truth?
Dr. Tyson discusses the concept of belief in UFOs during this debate in front of a live audience.

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UFO Sighting Over Michigan | 2013 | On TV

UFO Sighting Over Michigan | 2013 | On TV

100 % Disclosure.

Scientist X

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Do You Believe In UFOs? | See What Neil deGrasse Tyson Think

Do You Believe In UFOs? | See What Neil deGrasse Tyson Think

- You Decide -

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32000 Years Old Alien City Found In India | Dwarka

Dwarka () also spelled Dvarka, Dwaraka, and Dvaraka, is a city and a municipality of Jamnagar district in the Gujarat state in India. Dwarka is one of the seven most ancient cities in the country.

Climate

Moreover, Dwarka is one of seven most holy places for Hindus in India where Varanasi is considered as the holiest of the seven holy cities.

“

Ayodhyā Mathurā Māyā Kāsi Kāñchī Avantikā I Purī Dvārāvatī chaiva saptaitā moksadāyikāh II – Garuḍa Purāṇa I XVI .14

”

A Kṣetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha, final release can be obtained. The Garuda Puranaenumerates seven sites as giver of Moksha, They are Ayodhya, Mathura, Māyā, Kāsi, Kāñchī, Avantikā, Purī and Dvārāvatī.

Demographics 

As of the 2001 Indian census, Dwarka had a population of 33,614. Males constitute 53% of the population, and females constitute 47%. Dwarka has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; the male literacy rate is 72%, and the female literacy rate is 55%. 13% of the population is under six years of age. Dwarka is dominated by people from ahir community.

The Dwarakadhish Temple Main article: Dwarakadheesh temple

Swarg Dwar

Rukmini temple at Dwarka

The present temple was built from 6th to 7th century, while the original temple was believed to have been built by Krishna's great grandson, KingVajra. The 5-storied temple is made of limestone and sand. A flag is hoisted in the temple tower five times each day. There are two gateways –Swarga Dwar, where pilgrims enter, and Moksha Dwar, where pilgrims exit. From the temple one can view the Sangam (confluence) of River Gomati flowing towards the sea. In Dwaraka, there are also shrines for Vasudeva, Devaki,Balarama and Revati, Subhadra, Rukmini Devi, Jambavati Devi and Satyabhama Devi.

There is a special temple for Rukmini Devi on the way to the Bet Dwarka temple. Bet Dwarka, a similar deity to Lord Dwarakanath, is also kept in Bet Dwaraka. The temple of Bet Dwarka can be reached by boat. The temple has many shrines for Lakshmi Narayana, Trivikrama, Jambavati Devi, Satyabhama Devi and Rukmini Devi.

Holy City 

Nageshwar Jyotirlinga Temple at Dwarka

The city derives its name from word dvar, meaning door or gate in Sanskrit. Dwarka is considered to be one of the holiest cities in Hinduism and one of the Char Dham along with Badrinath, Puri, Rameswaram. The city is especially respected by Vaishnavas. The Jagatmandir temple, which houses the Dwarkadhish, a form of Krishna, is also located in Dwaraka.

SCIENTIST X

Nageshvara Jyotirlinga, one of the 12 holy shrines of Shiva, is located near Dwaraka.

Dwarka is also the site of Dvaraka Pitha, one of the four cardinal mathas established by Adi Shankara, the others being those at Shringeri, Puri and Jyotirmath.

Sri Dwaraknath Mahatyam 

Sri Dwarakanath
Sri DwarakaNath Temple
Temple Name:	Sri Dwarakanath Temple
Alias Name:
God Name:	Kalyana Narayanan
Goddess Name:	Kalyana Nachiyaar, Rukmini Devi
Pushkarni:	Gomati Pushkarni
Vimanam:	HemaKoota Vimanam
Location:	Jamnagar
State and Country:	Gujarat, India Adi Shankara had visited Dvarakadisha Shrine and had established the Dvaraka Pitha. The Lord here is dressed in Kalyana Kolam where he appears to be a Royal Wedding costume. It is one of the 108 Divya desams.

There are many Darshan and Sevas for Lord Dwaraknath. The dress is changed accordingly. The Darshans follow the Pushti Marg Vaishnava scriptures established by Shree Vallabhacharya and Shree Vitheleshnathji. Dwarkadhish temple is a Pushti Marg Temple. The Darshan are

• Mangala
• Shringar
• Gval
• Rajbhog
• Uthapan
• Bhog
• Sandhya Aarati
• Shayan

Dwarka Kingdom

A Painting depicting Krishna's Dwarka made during Akbar's reign from theSmithsonian Institution Main article: Dwaraka Kingdom

Dwarka is mentioned in the Mahabharata, the Harivansha, the Bhagavata Purana, theSkanda Purana, and the Vishnu Purana. It is said that this Dwarka was located near the site of the current city of Dwarka, but was eventually deserted and submerged into the sea.

Characteristics of the City The city was built by Vishwakarma on the order of Lord Krishna. Land was reclaimed from the sea near the western shores of Saurashtra. A city was planned and built here. Dwarka was a planned city, on the banks of Gomati River. This city was also known as Dvaramati, Dvaravati and Kushsthali. It had six well-organized sectors, residential and commercial zones, wide roads, plazas, palaces and many public utilities. A hall called "Sudharma Sabha" was built to hold public meetings. The city also boasted having the possession of a good sea harbour. The city had 700,000 palaces made of gold, silver and other precious stones. Each one of Lord Krishna's wives had her own palace. Besides this, the city had beautiful gardens filled with flowers of all seasons and beautiful lakes.

Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in Dwarka. ca 1775–1790 painting

Dwarakadheesh temple in present Dwarka city, believed to have been originally built by Lord Krishna's grandson, Vajranabha, over the hari-griha (Lord Krishna's residential place)

Submersion into the Sea After Krishna left the earth for Vaikuntha,about 36 years after the Mahabharat War (3138 BC), and the major Yadava leaders were killed in disputes among themselves, Arjuna went to Dwarka to bring Krishna's grandsons and the Yadava wives to Hastinapur, to safety. After Arjuna left Dwarka, it was submerged into the sea. Following is the account given by Arjuna, found in the Mahabharata:

...imposed on it by nature. The sea rushed into the city. It coursed through the streets of the beautiful city. The sea covered up everything in the city. I saw the beautiful buildings becoming submerged one by one. In a matter of a few moments it was all over. The sea had now become as placid as a lake. There was no trace of the city. Dwaraka was just a name; just a memory.

The Vishnu Purana also mentions the submersion of Dwarka, stating

On the same day that Krishna departed from the earth the powerful dark-bodied Kali Age descended. The oceans rose and submerged the whole of Dwarka.

Marine archaeological findings 

Main article: Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Cambay

On 19 May 2001, India's Science and Technology Minister Murli Manohar Joshi announced the finding of ruins in the Gulf of Khambhat. The ruins, known as the Gulf of Khambhat Cultural Complex (GKCC), are located on the seabed of a nine-kilometer stretch off the coast of Gujarat province at a depth of about 40 m. The site was discovered by a team from the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) in December 2000 and investigated for six months with acoustic techniques.

A follow up investigation was conducted by the same institute in November 2001, which included dredging to recover artefacts. A round of further underwater explorations was made in the Gulf of Khambhat site by the NIOT team from 2003 to 2004, and the samples obtained of what was presumed to be pottery were sent to laboratories in Oxford, UK and Hannover, Germany, as well as several institutions within India, to be dated.

One of the main controversies is a piece of wood that was carbon dated to around 7500 BCE, a date which is used in arguments for a very early date for a city here.Dr. D.P. Agrawal, chairman of the Paleoclimate Group and founder of Carbon-14 testing facilities in India stated in an article in Frontline Magazine that the piece was dated twice, at separate laboratories. The NGRI in Hyderabad returned a date of 7190 BC and the BSIP in Hannover returned a date of 7545–7490 BC. Some archaeologists, Agrawal in particular, contest that the discovery of an ancient piece of wood does not imply the discovery of an ancient civilisation. Agrawal argues that the wood piece is a common find, given that 20,000 years ago the Arabian Sea was 100 meters lower than its current level, and that the gradual sea level rise submerged entire forests.

"The sacred town and temples of Dwarka," from Grindlay's 'Scenery, Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India', London, 1826–30

Bet Dwarka 

Bet Dwarka is famous for its temples dedicated to Lord Krishna and is of great importance in the ancient Hindu tradition. It and other coastal sites have ample antiquities, mainly potsherds, suggesting maritime trade and commerce with the Mediterranean countries around the Christian era. This flourishing harbour and religious capital is believed to have submerged under the sea after the Krishna left dwarka for vaikunth.

A team of archaeologists have carried out onshore and inter-tidal zone explorations and a few trial trenches were laid to trace a proper cultural sequence. The most potential sites, where a large number of antiquities were recovered are the sectors, Bet Dwarka-I, II, VI, and IX.

The findings of Bet Dwarka may be divided into two broad periods: Pre-historic period which includes a small seal of conch shell engraved with a three-headed animal motif, two inscriptions, a copper fishhook and late Harappan pottery (circa 1700–1400 BC) and the Historical period consisting of coins and pottery. Onshore and inter-tidal zone explorations have indicated some kind of shoreline shifting around the Bet Dwarka island as a few sites get submerged during high tide.

Offshore explorations near present Bet Dwarka brought to light a number of stone anchors of different types that include triangular, grapnel and ring stones. They are made out of locally available rocks and their period may also be similar to those found at Dwarka and other places. Recently, Roman antiquities including shreds of amphorae and a lead ingot and lead anchors were found. There is also an indication of a shipwreck of Roman period in Bet Dwarka waters.

The archaeological explorations at Bet Dwarka Island have brought to light a large number of data on India's external overseas trade and commerce with western countries. Recent findings at the Bet Dwarka have shown evidence of Indo-Roman trade. India had an active maritime trade with Rome from the fourth century BCE to 4th century CE. These findings would concentrate on the time period from the first century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The discovery of the amphoras in Bet Dwarka is significant in view of the maritime history of India in concerned. There are remains of seven amphoras from which a black encrustation can be seen. This ware was mainly used for exporting wine and olive oil from the Roman Empire; it is most likely that these were wine amphoras. The discovery of a large quantity of amphora sherds suggests that Bet Dwarka had international trade contact during the early centuries of the Christian era. The findings present the possibility of a shipwreck in this area associated with Roman trade, though it is unlikely that the remains of the hull of the wreck survive. Thus the presence of Roman amphoras show that Roman ships reached Bet Dwarka waters earlier than has been previously noted. These same archaeological findings along with anchors have indicated the existence of several ports, jetties and anchoring points along the west coast of Indian. Though there are no remains of an ancient jetty at Bet Dwarka, the presence of stone anchors in the intertidal one indicates that the high tide was effectively used for anchoring the boats. The presence of a large number and variety of stone anchors in Bet Dwarka suggests that this was one of important ports in ancient times. The location of Bet Dwarka was favourable for safe anchorage in the past since it was protected from high waves and storms.

The proposal for the Dwarka museum, submitted by the Marine Archaeology Centre of the National Institute of Oceanography im 1999, involves laying a submarine acrylic tube through which visitors can view through glass windows the ruins of the city. The State Government of Gujarat and the Travel & Tourism Department of Gujarat are working on this proposal. When completed, it will be the first museum to be built under the sea.

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